The practical dilemma and solutions of international ship-aircraft encounter rules on sea: A Chinese perspective

The fragmentation of international ship-aircraft encounter (SAE) rules has led to practical difficulties; as such, it is necessary establish an integrated set regulations for SAEs. Based on the theoretical considerations law and Code Unplanned Encounters at Sea (CUES) other SAEs, dispute resolution mechanisms such arbitration, diplomatic channels, International Court Justice, Alternate Dispute Resolution have been carefully selected implementation pathways. However, global stakeholders are facing in different ways. To this end, study thoroughly analyses SEA unresolved pertinent issues. While highlighting reasons potential threats fragmentation, present paper also provides Chinese perspectives resolve issues with appropriate recommendations collectively. It concludes that navigation mechanisms—if effectively addressed harmonising existing unified rules—can centrally encounters between ships aircraft process voyages form a basic, understanding some most representative